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Sources are a big problem. But certainly Napoleonic wars were the ones where the horse presence in the battlefield was maxed out like nothing before or later. Some accounts of the Russian campaign of napoleon talk about the Russians having 100.000 horsemen. Of course that's probably a gross overstatement, but still it points out that cavalry was in numbers in this era as it never was ever again.
The maximum number of horses in any war ever were used during WW2, but as means of transport (horse was the prime mover for many armies, including the germans), even while fighting cavalry still existed and was put to good use now and then (Polish cavalry during '39 -they never charged german tanks, tho-, Savoia Regiment charge on August'42, Cossacs on both sides, etc.). But the napoleonic wars hold the record of most numbers of fighting cavalry on all sides, ever.
If you're asking for definite numbers, though, there's no answer. We know the aprox. numbers of cavalry fielded during certain battles ,but we can't really assess the number of horses using during the campaign. First because no source will give a certain number, and second ,because sorces vary wildly between them...
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